Summary
On Liberty by John Stuart Mill is a seminal 19th-century work of political philosophy that passionately defends the principles of individual freedom, freedom of speech, and limited government intervention.
Published in 1859, the book explores how personal liberty can coexist with the authority of the state and the will of the majority in a democratic society.
Mill argues that the only legitimate reason for limiting an individual's freedom is to prevent harm to others—a principle now known as the harm principle.
He warns against the “tyranny of the majority,” where societal norms and public opinion suppress individuality, creativity, and dissent.
Mill champions intellectual freedom and diversity of thought as essential not only for personal growth but for societal progress.
The essay covers the limits of government power, the importance of civil liberties, and the need to protect minority opinions even when unpopular.
Deeply rooted in liberal humanism, On Liberty has had a profound and lasting influence on modern political theory, human rights discourse, and debates over censorship and democracy.